Human Nature as Viewed by Thomas Hobbes and David Hume Essay -- Philos

Human Nature as Viewed by Thomas Hobbes and David Hume Thomas Hobbes in Chapter 13 of Leviathan, and David Hume in Section 3 of An Enquiry Concerning the Princples of Morals, give views of human nature. Hobbes’ view captures survivalism as significant in our nature but cannot account for altruism. We cover Hobbes’ theory with a theory of Varied Levels of Survivalism, explaining a larger body of behavior with the foundation Hobbes gives. Hume gives a scenario which does not directly prove fruitful, but he does capture selfless behavior. We will give Hobbes’ view of human nature as he describes it in Chapter 13 of Leviathan. We will then give an argument for placing a clarifying layer above the Hobbesian view in order to account for acts of altruism. Hobbes views human nature as the war of each man against each man. For Hobbes, the essence of human nature can be found when we consider how man acts apart from any government or order. Hobbes describes the world as â€Å"a time of war, where every man is enemy to every man.† (Hobbes mp. 186) In such a world, there are â€Å"no arts; no letters; no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death; and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.† (Hobbes mp. 186) Hobbes believes that laws are what regulate us from acting in the same way now. He evidences that our nature is this way by citing that we continue to lock our doors for fear of theft or harm. Hobbes gives a good argument which is in line with what we know of survivalism, and evidences his claim well. Hobbes claims that man is never happy in having company, unless that company is utterly dominated. He says, â€Å"men have no pleasure, (but on the contrary a great dea... ...vivalist instinct that involves self-preservation. Hobbes, however, is unable to explain altruism, thus we developed the Varied Levels of Survivalism as a layer above his theory. This modification allows for varying motives based on circumstances, all based on survival. Hume takes note of this altruistic tendency but he gives a scenario that is either inapplicable or he does not filter survivalism from humanity. Utilizing Hobbes’ survivalism, Hume’s generosity when capable, and the Varied Levels of Survivalism, we arrive at a viable theory of human nature and explanation of human behavior. Works Cited Hobbes, Thomas. (2001, October 30) "Leviathan" (1651). Available at: http://www.infidels.org/library/historical/thomas_hobbes/leviathan.html Hume, David, 1772 (reprinted in 2004) An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (New York, Barnes and Noble)

Architectural Development of Tokyo Midtown, Roponggi

The Tokyo Midtown was built between 2004-2007, which is a 101,000 square meter mixed-use development located in Roponggi, Tokyo, Japan. This undertaking design was begun on August 2002 and the building of the undertaking was begun on May 2004 and completed on March 2007. There is a 400-year-old Hinokicho Park within the site was refurbished. The U.S. Army was stayed in this site as a barrack during World War II, the Nipponese Defense Agency occupied this site after the ground forces left. Consequently, Nipponese Government sold the site in 2001 and Mitsui Fudosan won it. There was an archeological geographic expedition conducted during 2002 and 2003. During the exploring period, over 50 thousand pieces of clayware and two pieces of gold coins from Edo-period ( 1596-1698 ) were found out. The mixed-use development includes office, residential, retail, hotel, museum and leisure infinite. The entire floor country of the development is 563, 800 square metres. There are over 50 % of the u ndertaking is designed to be unfastened infinite. Tokyo Midtown is located at two chief street roads in roponggi territory, there is a big lawn included in the site. Besides the category A office, residential units, High-end retail and hotel, and the museum, there is 50 per centum of site country are Parkss, place, promenades and streetscapes. In Tokyo, green infinite is merely a private garden or frightened infinite. The definition of green infinite is different from other metropoliss. The green infinite used to be appreciated instead than using. Citizens are non encouraged to utilize the green infinite and public events are non promoted to go on in such country. The primary developer, Mitsui Fudosan would wish to alter this old head of green country and convey the new tendency of Green Park. Thus, Tokyo Midtown was designed to be the new urban oasis in Roponggi territory. Imperial Palace is non merely the largest public unfastened infinite in Tokyo, but besides a good instance to demo the typology of traditional Nipponese landscape. The parkland of Imperial Palace is surrounded by the wall, which isolates the castle from the city’s context. The cultural and historical valuable of the castle was abandoned, that the landscape of castle is cut off by the wall as an island, and there is no associated development next to the castle. This sort of traditional landscape promotes privateness and peaceful instead than connexion between urban context. The developer would wish to present a new landscape typology to the metropolis. His attack is to make a alone sequence of unfastened infinite which is new tendency of connective landscape. The project’s developer promotes a new Nipponese landscape design by making a alone urban motion in the composite. The Tokyo Midtown a welcoming and attractive infinite which can excite the societal and cultural interaction, therefore the life of the topographic point will be activated. This undertaking is an architectural look in landscape which can supply an unfastened and green infinite for events. The historical green infinite Hinokicho Park is portion of landscape and was refurbished. There are chiefly three primary motions for the landscape in Tokyo Midtown. First, the bing park is extended to the newer green countries. Second, there are a series of H2O characteristics begin at the place. Third, the H2O features flow down toward the verdure. There were 40 mature cherry trees preserved from the old site and transplanted on new site. Those trees are used to make a new cherry promenade by linking the entry to Hinokicho Park. There are over 1000s of visitants attracted to here for assemblage and observing the cule of seasons, during the flower season of cherry. In recent old ages, dais type development becomes the chief new typology of large-scale development, particularly in Hong Kong. The advantage of this typology is to supply a convenient and efficient connexion from the upper degree to the mass theodolite by the overcrossing web. However, this typology has been produced less vivacious street life. The functional relationship between edifice and urban street grid has been lost. The public infinite has been separated from the bing vicinity, therefore the development has been isolated from urban street. Tokyo Midtown is a successful large-scale development with dais and tower that diminish the drawback of dais design. It undertakes a more sustainable attack to the new large-scale development. The development of Tokyo Midtown has achieved the sustainable design attack by several standards as below: First of wholly, the development of Tokyo Midtown took the chance to incorporate this new development into the bing countries by making great topographic points which can better the original territory and convey a long-run value. This place-making attack is achieved by advancing the public infinites with landscape. The sense of infinite is created by adding the attractive street furniture and public art in the landscape, such as the exuberant mature tree canopy in the entryway. This canopy can stress the bing site characteristic and heighten the site’s cultural and historical value. The landscape design improves the flexibleness of infinite, so that public and private events will be promoted in order to ease the societal interaction and verve in this topographic point. For illustration, the cherry promenade provides the linkage to the Hinokicho Park and besides a topographic point for assemblage and observing the beauty of the trees during the bloom season. Thousands of visita nts attract by it and travel at that place with a cover, field day, and drinks. The high quality design of Tokyo Midtown activates the bing infinite and brings economic incomes, and reflects the character of the environing country. This mix-used development incorporated hotel, office, residential, retail, eating houses, museum and Parkss. It provides a little community for people to populate, work and bask their leisure clip. Besides, the Tokyo Midtown introduces the prosaic connectivity in both physical and psychological manner. Visitors can see a rich and vivacious walker through sing the tree-lined street and pleasant paseo. The liner of trees refurbishes the bing metro halt and redirects the land rider to the new issue at Tokyo Midtown. The place-making attack is besides strengthened by supplying high-quality public kingdom. It lets broad scope of activities happen in this country. The alone individuality landmarks, the 54 floors Mori Tower has been incoporated in the whole deve lopment which is the tallest edifice in Tokyo. It increases the attraction of the finish. Second, Tokyo Midtown has good integrated with the substructure and the environing conveyance web. It provides a high criterion connexion to the theodolite and improves the connexion between site and environing country at the land degree. Tokyo Midtown is non a undertaking merely concern the spacial quality within the site boundary, but besides to supply the mix-used development with a wider site context and great impact on environing country. Citizens criticize that walled developments issue would be raised as the undertaking with substructure is easy being isolated from the urban due to the hapless integrating of environing. This undertaking includes 5 edifices, a high-end retail, luxury section, category A office infinite, luxury section, medical centre. These 5 edifices surround a skyscraper with 248m tallness. The whole development is good integrated to the next park and the Roppongi railroad station. Roppongi railroad station is a celebrated station along the Toei Oedo Line. To kyo Midtown provides a successful entree to the issue of railroad station through the spacial agreement of the unfastened infinite. There is good public conveyance connexion provided. The Roppongi railroad station is good connected to the public conveyance interchanges within the Tokyo Midtown. The site is rather near the Roppongi Hills development which is less than 0.8 kilometre. The Roppongi Hill is surrounded by the vehicle-dominated route substructure and connects to dais of Tokyo Midtown. The bulk of the borders are connected to the street degree, it breaks down the traditional dais linguistic communication. This undertaking has good integrating between land usage and the conveyance in both physical and societal facets. Sustainable scheme Large-scale development normally bring negative impact on environing country or the wider context, as developer normally merely concentrate on planing the country within the site, the next country may non be their concern. Tokyo Midtown is a large-scale development which has been good integrated with the environing country. The design of this undertaking is base on the sustainable development rules and the urban design guidelines, so that it will maintain integration and sustainable in a long-run period. The resource efficiency and environmental friendly attack is besides adopted in development. The floor country of the whole development is concentrated in one quarter-circle of the site, so that the urban park country can be maximized. There is more than 40 per centum of the site country is designed as an urban park which act as a chief connexion between the site and the community greenway. Tokyo Midtown promotes sustainability at the vicinity and territory degrees, the spacial quali ty of the prosaic environment at the street degree is enhanced. As a consequence, the walkability and the livability within the site country and besides the territory are bit by bit improved. The location and proportion of plan of the whole development is concerned to better the sustainability in environmental, societal and economic facet. There are over 150 stores and eating houses offered in the high-end retail country, 500 luxury residential units, several office towers, a Ritz-Carlton hotel, 800-seat preservation centre and an art museum provided in development, which can profit the territory in societal and economic manner. The big green unfastened infinite which occupies 40 per centum of site country can profit the territory in environmental manner. The unfastened infinite is designed to steer visitant walk from environing streets and pavement to the site. A sense of â€Å"on the ground† is promoted by touching the Earth and nature. There are some position corridors, cr ystalline stuff, Bridgess and plazas visually unfastened and connect to the unfastened infinite in order to take the visitant from the park to the nature. The design of H2O characteristic is to take the visitants to the park and steer them down though weaving tract to the 21_21 Design Museum and the traditional Nipponese Garden. New territory ‘s image Before the completion of Tokyo Midtown, Roppongi was a well-known territory as a dark town. Roponggi was a topographic point which is full of amusement hub and with abandoned traditional vicinity. The developer Mitsui Fudosan would wish to alter the public perceptual experience of Roppongi territory from a dark town to an update image which is a vitalized daylight territory. Tokyo Midtown is a development to supply a balance mix of concern and populating topographic point to the territory, in which the cultural comfortss will be extremely respected. Furthermore, Tokyo Midtown is a hope as concern and economic system resurgence of Japan, it designed to stand for the best feature of Nipponese society by the mixed-use development. The Nipponese authorities treats it as a precedence urban renovation area† . This mixed-use development has integrated with a public park, which promotes an environmental friendly and commercial active attractive force in this territory, therefore it pro fit to the full vicinity and heighten the economic value of Roppongi. To fit with this big green park, the celebrated Suntory Museum of Art was resettlement. Consequently, the green park, museum, Tokyo National Art Center and Roppongi Hill will be good connected. The community park is merged with the bing greenway and connects to those abandoned nearby green infinite such as the gorunds of Tokyo authorities graveyard and a Shinto spiritual shrine.

Which is Worse Type I or Type II Errors in Statistics

Type I errors in statistics occur when statisticians incorrectly reject the null hypothesis, or statement of no effect, when the null hypothesis is true while Type II errors occur when statisticians fail to reject the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis, or the statement for which the test is being conducted to provide evidence in support of, is true. Type I and Type II errors are both built into the process of hypothesis testing, and though it may seem that we would want to make the probability of both of these errors as small as possible, often it is not possible to reduce the probabilities of these errors, which begs the question: Which of the two errors is more serious to make? The short answer to this question is that it really depends on the situation. In some cases, a Type I error is preferable to a Type II error, but in other applications, a Type I error is more dangerous to make than a Type II error. In order to ensure proper planning for the statistical testing procedure, one must carefully consider the consequences of both of these types of errors when the time comes to decide whether or not to reject the null hypothesis. We will see examples of both situations in what follows. Type I and Type II Errors We begin by recalling the definition of a Type I error and a Type II error. In most statistical tests, the  null hypothesis is a statement of the prevailing claim about a population of no particular effect while the alternative hypothesis is the statement that we wish to provide evidence for in our hypothesis test. For tests of significance there are four possible results: We reject the null hypothesis and the null hypothesis is true. This is what is known as a Type I error.We reject the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis is true. In this situation the correct decision has been made.We fail to reject the null hypothesis and the null hypothesis is true. In this situation the correct decision has been made.We fail to reject the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis is true. This is what is known as a Type II error. Obviously, the preferred outcome of any statistical hypothesis test would be the second or third, wherein the correct decision has been made and no error occurred, but more often than not, an error is made in during the course of hypothesis testing—but thats all part of the procedure. Still, knowing how to properly conduct a procedure and avoid false positives can help reduce the number of Type I and Type II errors. Core Differences of Type I and Type II Errors In more colloquial terms we can describe these two kinds of errors as corresponding to certain results of a testing procedure. For a Type I error we incorrectly reject the null hypothesis—in other words, our statistical test falsely provides positive evidence for the alternative hypothesis. Thus a Type I error corresponds to a â€Å"false positive† test result. On the other hand, a Type II error occurs when the alternative hypothesis is true and we do not reject the null hypothesis. In such a way our test incorrectly provides evidence against the alternative hypothesis. Thus a Type II error can be thought of as a â€Å"false negative† test result. Essentially, these two errors are inverses of one another, which is why they cover the entirety of errors made in statistical testing, but they also differ in their impact if the Type I or Type II error remains undiscovered or unresolved. Which Error Is Better By thinking in terms of false positive and false negative results, we are better equipped to consider which of these errors are better—Type II seems to have a negative connotation, for good reason. Suppose you are designing a medical screening for a disease. A false positive of a Type I error may give a patient some anxiety, but this will lead to other testing procedures which will ultimately reveal the initial test was incorrect. In contrast, a false negative from a Type II error would give a patient the incorrect assurance that he or she does not have a disease when he or she in fact does. As a result of this incorrect information, the disease would not be treated. If doctors could choose between these two options, a false positive is more desirable than a false negative. Now suppose that someone had been put on trial for murder. The null hypothesis here is that the person is not guilty. A Type I error would occur if the person were found guilty of a murder that he or she did not commit, which would be a very serious outcome for the defendant. On the other hand, a Type II error would occur if the jury finds the person not guilty even though he or she committed the murder, which is a great outcome for the defendant but not for society as a whole. Here we see the value in a judicial system that seeks to minimize Type I errors.