Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Article Example (Hurwit) Although this in itself doesn't have to do with strict decent variety, the truth is that such a conviction involves strict assorted variety. Since there is no official state religion that can make laws as it picks, individuals can choose what they need to do dependent on different concerns. They are additionally ready to pick a religion for themselves in the event that they don't care for or put stock in the regulations of a particular religion like the Catholic Church utilized in this model. The creator likewise examines the way that it is unlawful under United States law for a duty excluded association like the Catholic Church to â€Å"campaign for or against a candidate.† (Hurwit) Since letting strict associations choose explicit individuals for office would essentially let them do what they needed with the legislature, these laws ensure that there is still opportunity of religion and in this way strict decent variety. The news occasion that the creator is discussing explicitly is the Catholic Churchs relationship with a delegate from Rhode Island called Patrick Kennedy. Since he said he didnt like the way that they were attempting to influence the human services bill based on premature births, they sent him a letter instructing him to quit going to chapel. Derakhshani, Tirdad. â€Å"Oh my: God doc incorporates all religions, no insights.† Philadelphia Inquirer. November 27 2009. Web. December 5 2009. This article examines a narrative film which was shot to talk about the various religions of the world and to show individuals that there is a ton of strict assorted variety. The way that it is an American film shows that there is a great deal of spotlight in the United States on the subject of strict decent variety, and that it is a significant issue that individuals are keen on. The film, as per the essayist of this audit, didnt

Why I Learn English Free Essays

Why I learn English Learning English is important for my future profession. These days, for all intents and purposes each esteemed and well-plaid work, not just filling in as an English instructor, requires capability in this language. The individuals who know English, have a major preferred position on the work advertise over the individuals who don’t. We will compose a custom article test on Why I Learn English or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now However, it surely isn’t the main motivation behind why I learn English. I have been keen on considering unknown dialects since I went to class, and I generally realized that my future calling would be associated with etymology. I accept that the mindset of each country is firmly associated with its language. It’s difficult to decipher any content from one language into another without slight changing of its importance. Each language has some set-expressions and platitudes that can’t be deciphered in exactly the same words. In this way, when you figure out how to think in an unknown dialect, you start to think in an alternate way. You can see the world from an alternate perspective. To my brain, it remunerates the time spent on considering the language. Each other motivation behind why I study English is associated with general scholarly turn of events. Researchers have demonstrated that learning dialects fills in as an incredible preparing for our cerebrum. At the point when an individual learns one unknown dialect, different dialects become simpler for that person to learn. All in all, the individual in question starts to see better all subjects, regardless of whether they are not associated with semantics. In addition, learning English furnishes me with additional chances. For instance, I can comprehend, what my preferred melodic groups sing: it’s critical for me, as I’m a music sweetheart. Obviously, one can like a tune since it sounds tuneful, however I like to comprehend the message that the creator needed to go to the audience members. What's more, I can understand books and watch motion pictures in the first. It’s exceptionally helpful, as the translation not generally can transmit the wealth of the author’s language, the nuance of his considerations. Another chance, gave by the information on the English language, is the capacity to speak with outsiders. I can get to know new individuals while I travel abroad or simply stroll in Moscow, and afterward keep speaking with them in interpersonal organizations. All things considered, I simply like English: I like the manner in which it sounds, and I discover the way of life and the historical backdrop of England extremely intriguing, as they have little similarity to those of our nation. Step by step instructions to refer to Why I Learn English, Papers

Invention

Invention Invention Home›Marketing Posts›Invention Marketing PostsInventionDespite increase in the global cost of living and economic uncertainty, I strongly believe human beings still consider entertainment as an integral part of their lives. It is within this noble reasoning that I intend to initiate HM (High Max) company because of I believe this will form an organization that can generate profit, employment and opportunity while at the same time understand that I do not have adequate resources for a big venture. HM will deal in developing, marketing, publishing and distribution of video games.Intending to compete in a $35 billion global market, HM aims at becoming one of the leading companies in the video game industry. Focusing on delivering games in all four of the leading consoles, (PS3, Xbox, PC, and Wii), HM will achieve to simultaneously launch titles in each of the platform in order to provide a game quality gaming experience to every possible gamer out there. Despite a number of challenges that HM faces such as rising costs brought by the high demand of quality graphics and game play, a numerous game selection, rapid evolution of game consoles, and a highly contested but promising E-market segment brought by the online gaming trend, the E-gaming market is expected to rise and offer opportunities for growth.One of the strategies that I will enable is the Supportive system of leadership.   The base of this model is management with an executive direction of support. The workforce on the other hand is directed towards working and participation in decision making (Hellriegel Slocum, 1973). This will not only tap knowledge and skill from the workers, but also make them feel recognized and in that capacity, motivate them. HM will seek non-monetary methods of motivations to enable me reduce of operating costs and maximize out-put (UNDP, 2006).The driving forces behind this initiative are the evolution in social and technological aspects of global human existenc e. On social, the rising trend in online gaming brings new business opportunities. Large groups of gamers are within this segment, making it an important target for video game companies. With the age of the average video game player on the rise the gaming industry has created new niches that desire a more demanding adult gaming experience. Viewed from technological perspective, great leaps in the quality and game play brought by the new platforms demand more complex gaming by the consumers resulting in increases in RD costs. The new trend of online gaming has given birth to digital distribution and Massive multi-player online games (MMOG). Furthermore, the release of high capacity mobile phones has expanded mobile gaming to cell-phone users.With the process of staff recruitment and selection continuously posing critical challenges to managers, there is an urgent call and demand for a new and swift paradigm shift, which embraces newer technologies and modern management strategies, th is is as mentioned by Michael (2009). The biggest staffing challenge for HM is the intricacy of matching the right candidate to the right job given the fact that the organization will demand a technologically perceptive workforce.Despite the opportunity for growth, there are internal and external threats to the initiative. The Intensity of Competition is at its record time high with three major competitors (Sony, Microsoft, and Nintendo), 20 other independent developers, diversified media companies (Disney, Viacom, Fox), and over four Internet engines, the video game industry is highly saturated. This niche is not an attractive industry for new entrants. However, within this cacophony, the Bargaining Power (Buyers) is high due to the extensive variety in possible substitutes. With 100s of titles been added to each platform every year the consumer has many options. On the other hand, the Bargaining Power (Suppliers) is high due to Sony, and Nintendo being the exclusive producers of D VDs and cartridges for their respective platforms. Microsoft also required preapproved manufacturers to be used for the Xbox titles.The understanding is that resources are very constrained and as such, the available â€" slightly less than $500,000 will go to the most important requirements. These will include office space, licensing and regulatory requirements, procurement of critical infrastructure, and recruitment of personnel and marketing of HM’s services. Marketing of the services is expected to constitute the highest percentage of this amount because it is the single most important determinant of HM’s success.Organizational outlineInitially, the organization will employ the informal communication system. This is because unlike the formal system, this system allows for easy sharing of information and in that capacity enabling a formation of common psychological models. This system is flexible, easy to manage in small firms, applied in team-based structures and include integ rator roles (Woodward, 1965).Despite having the informal communication system, I will also choose to enact a hierarchal style of organization since it will confine the usual organization charts appropriately. This will be until the organizations gets larger to a level of having more different kind of links between parties. At this level, HM might take in the matrix style organization where individuals are structured by job function and location at the same time (Helmy, 2006). This will be expected to yield accountability from the workers.Organizational decision making Decision making is a challenging field and will need more than one institution in the organization to make clear outlines on scope of operation or deal with arising issues and challenges. This will begin with objective setting in the organization, probing for options, analyzing the given options and choosing criteria. Generally, this process will be as suggested by Hicks Gullet (1975); Anderson (1988). For a small fir m like HM, integration of all personnel can be very beneficial in decision making.Division of LaborTo ascertain that workers in the organization perform appropriately and increase their productivity with time, work will be subdivided into different categories and assigned to different persons. This strategy will increase work efficiency due to specialization and is very important more so when the company grows and increases in complexity (Helmy, 2006).This will also make it easier for the overall manager in the organization to evaluate workers abilities in different levels and assign them work depending on their strengths.MarketingThis will entail thorough market research to ascertain the exact platforms to put emphasis on. Due to the significance that marketing has to the organization, I will initiate scientific methodologies of market research. For the success of the business, this practice of research will be done from time to time so as to address arising challenges and to enabl e us change with trends that therein exists in the market. All areas of marketing decisions and related issues should be supported with a great evidence of research (Paul, 2002). In this same capacity, risk analysis will be done and this will enable a clear understanding of the risks at hand and their intensity. The organization will therefore be prepared for any shortcomings that may hinder its success in the future.Advertisements on different websites will be done to ensure thorough publicity of our unique products. This will mostly major with social and business related sites and it will begin by using my friends to market the organization (Taylor Francis, 2009).Risks expected and how to overcome them.The major risk expected by the organization is stiff competition from the other existing and established organization in the online entertainment industry. These organizations are expected to be financially well off than HM, and therefore other strategies that do not solely rely on money will be put in place. One of then will be to have lower charges for similar produce, after sale service for our clients and having systems that work efficiently round the clock.The other challenge expected is insufficiency of staff, in number and potential. This is because getting experienced personnel to undertake operations in HM will be exorbitant, and getting enough skilled labor might also be a challenge. To deal with this, HM might need a few volunteers at the initial stages until financial stability is gained. This will calls for a lot of motivation and sacrifice from the pioneers and stakeholders of the organization (Wayne Berrett, 2009)ConclusionHigh Max Company is intended to create employment opportunities and generate revenue amidst challenges that will tend to draw it away from these objectives. These challenges are majorly insufficient funds and a saturated market to venture into amidst established companies. This calls for HM to have strategies that will enabl e suppression of the challenges and ensure sustainable penetration into the online entertainment industry while having in mind the financial inhibition experienced it has.The primary solution is to have operation models that are cost effective and sustainable for a small firm in the launch stage. Managerial strategies need to be stringent enough to ensure that optimum performance is obtained from the work force in the organization at the lowest cost possible. This will be enabled by appropriate non-monetary motivational incentives. These will include; suitable working conditions, occupational heath, recreational facilities, recognition, sense of duty and further training. A motivational tool for our clients will at the initial stages be contribution to a charity institution. Later on we might venture into larger projects to help the public while also marketing our organization.The leadership system will be a decentralized one and a rather informal mode of operation will be enacted t o ensure thorough participation of all the work force in decision making. Never the less, a scientific approach will be used in solving technicalities of operations. This will be majorly in market research and in other areas of the organization as deemed necessary from time to time.

Unix Security Essay - 1353 Words

An Overview of UNIX Security The purpose of this paper is to analyze the security of UNIX. Considerations shall be given regarding generalized security aspects of a typical UNIX system. The ultimate scope of the following presentation shall remain within the boundaries of a few of the more critical UNIX security aspects. Of particular note will be discussion regarding standard user access, root access, file system security, and internet access precautions. This will not focus on specific measures used to implement security, but rather will investigate both pros and cons typical of a UNIX installation. Finally, a brief description of UNIX security versus other operating systems will be noted. Since no two UNIX-based operating†¦show more content†¦Of the utmost security concern is the protection of the root account. The root account allows a user absolute control of the system, including the ability to alter practically every aspect of the systems, from individual files to installed programs. Inde ed, an entry in Wikipedia.com notes, that a UNIX administrator should be much like Clark Kent, only using the root account, or becoming Superman, when absolutely necessary, lest the security of the account be compromised (2006). Ultimately, this implementation represents a near surefire way to protect the system against many internal and external threats. By ensuring regularly scheduled root account password changes and ensuring the passwords are strong, the cons noted previously should be relatively easy to avoid. File system security is also very important regardless of the UNIX implementation. UNIX files system security generally allows access permissions to be granted to various defined users and groups. UNIX also contains an access right flag know as the sticky bit. The sticky bit can be used to allow users and groups write access to certain directories within the system. Similarly, the sticky bit can be used by a user to disallow other users with access to the same direc tory to alter the contents of the file. The file can only be altered by the file owner, the directory owner, and the root account (linuxdevcenter.com, 2006). This particular element allows for a great deal of controlShow MoreRelatedA Project On Capstone Project1039 Words   |  5 Pagesapplications came from? Well there are a lot of computer applications like local security applications, protocols, well I am going to explain some security applications to you. There are many kinds of different security applications. I am going to explain two of different applications Linux and security policy settings. Now what are security policies? Security policy settings in Microsoft could be used as part of all of our security implementation to make sure and to secure domain controllers, servers, clientRead MoreWin32 Api and Posix Api Comparison984 Words   |  4 PagesMicrosoft’s core set of application programming interfaces available in the Microsoft Windows operating systems while POSIX API, an acronym for â€Å"Portable Operating System Interface (for Unix)† is a core set of application programming interfaces, shell, and utilities interfaces for software compatible with variants on the Unix operating system. Each of which has its own style of implementation. Win32 and POSIX API have processes that needed several resources to execute, and if resources are availableRead MoreFile Management Essay768 Words   |  4 Pagesis the permission to run or execute a file. A UNIX system sets up three classifications for its users; an owner or user, a group, and the other. First is the owner, which is the creator of a file, or the user at a specific time of a file. A group is a class to which the user or owner belongs. A group could be a department of a company or any other type of grouping with specific members. Last, the other is the general World Wide Web audience (â€Å"Unix Protection and Permissions†, n.d.). A reviewRead MoreUnix Operating System5471 Words   |  22 PagesAbstract This paper is a general overview of Unix operating system. It starts by presenting a brief history of the early development of Unix. It concentrates on main aspects of Unix operating system. Key concepts covered are interactive multi-user operating systems, the design objectives of Unix, file-store organization, text processing and programming, the role of C programming language with regard to portability and reliable system software, process control (signals and fork), error loggingRead MoreUnit 2 Assignment 11905 Words   |  8 PagesStickykeys, ShowSounds and Mousekeys. Features of UNIX Operating system Kernel The kernel feature is the hub of Unix operating system. It interacts directly with the machine’s hardware in the system. Its major functions are to control access to the computer, to manage computer memory, to maintain file system, to handle interrupts and errors and to perform input and output services. Shell The shell feature is a command line interpreter (CLI) in Unix operating system. It essentially listens to theRead MoreComputer Operating System3141 Words   |  13 Pagesbecome accustomed to so many choices. One of the major choices in the modern era is the â€Å"Operating System (OS)†. Operating systems are the central software component to any computer. The main brands of operating system are; Windows Mac OS, Sun Solaris, UNIX, DOS and Linux. Each brand has its own take on what makes up an operating system. Windows is the most commonly used operating system around the world. The most common advantage about Windows is its simplicity. It is now very easy for an inexperiencedRead MoreHistory And Philosophy Of Open Source818 Words   |  4 Pagesto a lesser extent, have come to accept malware and viruses as an inevitable part of computing, but they are an incredibly rare sight in properly-managed Linux and BSD (a UNIX-like kernel similar to Linux) environments, which are conse quently used in nearly any situation in which security is imperative. Aside from security and customization, open software has numerous other advantages over its proprietary counterparts, but open source includes more encompasses more than just software. Open hardwareRead MoreEssay on The Linux1482 Words   |  6 PagesThe Linux was originally founded by Linus Torvalds. In 1991, he was a second year computer science student in Finland. He sought after an operating system that was similar to the UNIX system, but both UNIX and the hardware it ran on were excessively expensive. A UNIX version called Minix was available for free, but it did not reasonably meet his needs as it was simply an operating system for students, designed primarily as a teaching tool rather than an industry strength operating system. As a resultRead MoreEssay about UNIX and Windows1218 Words   |  5 PagesUNIX and Windows About Unix The Unix operating system is a powerful programming environment designed by and for computer programmers. Unix is available on a wide variety of computer systems, including personal computers, workstations, mainframes and supercomputers. It was developed for, and is particularly well suited to, multi-user systems, but is now also run on stand-alone machines. Beginners and casual users often find the jargon-filled help system frustrating and the lack ofRead MoreIs418 Project 1-2-3 Essay example1327 Words   |  6 PagesIS-418: Security Strategies in Linux Platforms and Applications * Project: Linux – Based Web Application Infrastructure * Project: Logistics * Project Part 3: Executive Summary * Project Part 3: Tasks 1 * Project Part 3: Tasks 2 * Project Part 3: Tasks 3 IS-418: Security Strategies in Linux Platforms and Applications * Project: Linux – Based Web Application Infrastructure * Project: Logistics * Project Part 3: Executive Summary * Project

The Legacy Of John F. Kennedy s Inaugural Address

John F. Kennedy was seen as one of the most charming, prominent, and youngest American presidents of our time. He brought ideas and plans to make America a better place when he stepped into office. His run as president was so unique because he had set out plans for office, but he was assassinated before he could go through with some of them. Vice president Lyndon B. Johnson stepped up to the challenge to continue Kennedy’s plans (John F. Kennedy). John F. Kennedy’s domestic policies in the Civil Right s Movement and the peace corps organization helped outside countries understand American culture and helped him shape the American identity that changed America into a new nation. In the 1960’s there were many problems going on around the world. John F. Kennedy had to take on the challenge of fixing the racial problems in the United States. In Kennedy’s inaugural address, he tells America that our concerns should be focused on the future. The old era is endin g and the old way will not do (Inaugural Address). Kennedy wants to push to end racism in America with his domestic policies. The old ways of thinking blacks are cursed from society has to change. America must change that idea and make America an equal nation for all citizens. Through Kennedy’s domestic policies he was able to take on this challenge with full force. Kennedy started to enforce existing laws over new ones. This is so he could get the whites in the south to vote for his reelection in 1964. He changedShow MoreRelatedLeslie Cardoso. Leslie Cardoso. Ap English 3. P.3.1082 Words   |  5 PagesCardoso Leslie Cardoso Ap English 3 p.3   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The JFK Inaugural Address On January 20, 1961, John Fitzgerald Kennedy delivered one of America s few standout inaugural addresses and one of the finest speeches in American history. By invoking the American dream and extending its promise to the rest of the world, Kennedy s speech was an inspirational call to action that resonates even today. John Fitzgerald Kennedy’s Inaugural Address, The article â€Å"Inside Kennedy’s Inauguration, 50 Years on†,Read MoreJohn F. Kennedy s Inaugural Speech2478 Words   |  10 Pagessurprise that John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural speech on January 20, 1961had a great impact on the American public (ar100). His speech is famous for it’s eloquence and ending call to action, challenging the American public to, â€Å"ask not what your country can do for you-ask what you can do for your country (JFK 1).† Traditionally, inaugural speeches are given to unify the nation and provide a clear picture of what the future will look like throughout the p residency. During the time of Kennedy’s inaugural speechRead MoreCompare and Contrast Lincoln And Jfk Essay1745 Words   |  7 Pagesdebate he expressed his opinion that the nation would either be all slavery or all free, A house divided against itself cannot stand. In 1860, Lincoln ran for president against Northern Democrat Douglas, Southern Democrat John C. Breckinridge, and Constitutional Union candidate John Bell. He defeated the three, declaring him the sixteenth president of the United States of America. Lincoln was a Republican who was directly concerned with Civil Rights. He was not an abolitionist, but was determinedRead MoreThe First Years of the Peace Corps Essay1180 Words   |  5 Pagesthemselves, for whatever period is required,† (Kennedy 2), John F. Kennedy told an inspired crowd and an ambitious nation during his inaugural address on January 20, 1961. The origins for his plan to establish a program to assist developing countries originated about 4 months earlier during an early morning speech at the University of Michigan, where, at 2 a.m., he challenged the students to â€Å"contribute part of [there] life to this country†(Kennedy 1). His speech received a thunderous response andRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy - the Speaker Essay2147 Words   |  9 PagesI choose John F. Kennedy to write about as he epitomizes a great speaker to me. As I learned in class and in reading the textbook, credibility is key for any speaker to be fully respected. I believe that John F. Kennedy not only meets this qualification but surpasses it. Over the years I have looked at his speaking methodology and tried to follow his direction in speaking with knowledge, truth, and having the credibility on the subject matter. After being sworn into office, one of the best speechesRead MoreThe Leadership And Legacy Of John Fitzgerald Kennedy3150 Words   |  13 PagesCamelot: The Leadership and Legacy of John Fitzgerald Kennedy Carson Ray Senior Division Individual Historical Paper Paper Length: 2,470 words To the average person, Camelot was an era of promise, hope, perfection, and the struggle for equality. It was America’s only real with national royalty as the people looked to the president and first lady for fashion, their connections to Hollywood and the very rich, and how to comport themselves in a most glamorous manner..Read MoreEssay about The New Deal and the Great Society1175 Words   |  5 Pageshistory clearly resemble each other. Also, the goals of the Great Society largely compare to those of the New Deal. Finally, the New Deal and the Great Society prove to be alike through their lasting legacies. The Great Society resembles the New Deal in its origins, goals, and social and political legacies. The origins of the Great Society reflects that of the New Deal in various ways. One common origin of these two programs is their basis in Progressive ideas. Although the period after World War IRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy: A Legacy Never Forgotten1377 Words   |  6 Pages Forgive your enemies, but never forget their names(Brainy Quotes). John F Kennedy said this during one of his speeches, and ironically no one will ever forget the name of the person who murdered him, Lee Harvey Oswald, an enemy of the American Public. When Kennedy ran for office, he had to seem like the more experienced candidate and appeal to all of the people. During his speeches, Kennedy engaged his audiences and they hung on his every word. However, the tragic event of his assassinationRead MoreCompare Contrast: Lincoln and Jfk1762 Words   |  8 Pagesdebate he expressed his opinion that the nation would either be all slavery or all free, A house divided against itself cannot stand. In 1860, Lincoln ran for president against Northern Democrat Douglas, Southern Democrat John C. Breckinridge, and Constitutional Union candidate John Bell. He defeated the three, declaring him the sixteenth president of the United States of America. Lincoln was a Republican who was directly concerned with Civil Rights. He was not an abolitionist, but was determinedRead MoreI Am John Fitzgerald Kennedy s Inaugural Address1616 Words   |  7 Pagesrepeating; â€Å"the world is very different now† (â€Å"Inaugural Address† 1). These were the words I would present in my inaugural address just hours away. I have ideas-- principles that will change lives, views that will transform a nation, and philosophies that will evoke peace in today’s modern world. I will strive for my fellow Americans to â€Å"ask not what your country can do for you--but what you can do for your country† (1). I am John Fitzgerald Kennedy, a Harvard graduate, a Navy man, a former Congressman

Lemon Law Free Essays

Lemon Law The North Carolina Lemon Law is a consumer protection law enacted to provide recourse after having purchased a defective vehicle. The North Carolina Lemon Law is similar to lemon laws in other states, but there are some differences. North Carolina’s lemon law requires automobile manufacturers to repurchase or replace a vehicle that has not been properly repaired within a â€Å"reasonable number of attempts†. We will write a custom essay sample on Lemon Law or any similar topic only for you Order Now In North Carolina, this reasonable number is 4 attempts or if the car has been out of service waiting repair for a cumulative total of 20 or more business days during any 12-month period of the warranty. The North Carolina Lemon Law gives relief to those who either buy or lease a vehicle that has a gross weight of 10,000 pounds or less. It covers cars, trucks, motorcycles and most vans. It does not cover, however, house trailers. The North Carolina Lemon Law covers any kinds of defects that impair the value, use or safety of the vehicle to the consumer. The defects does not have to affect the drivability of the car but could be problems such as defective paint, heating system or excessive noise. It is very important to read the warranty book that came with the new or leased vehicle carefully. The warranty will tell you what is covered and for how long. When you buy or leased your vehicle, you probably will have to sign a lot of paperwork. It is important to read your copies of this paperwork very carefully to find out if the manufacturer wants you to waive your rights to a trial by jury in the case of problems and settle through arbitration instead. Arbitration is usually not in the best interest of the consumer in lemon law cases, so make sure you know what your rights are before you buy or lease. READ IT ALL!!! Once you have purchased or leased a new vehicle that needs to be taken in for repairs, it is important that you start keeping records at this point, in case they are needed later. When taking your vehicle in to an authorized dealer for repairs, keep a detailed list of what needs to be repaired for yourself along with the dealer. Get repair orders for your vehicle and make sure they state all repairs and how long your vehicle was in the shop including dates and mileage. The North Carolina Lemon Law requires the consumer to notify the manufacturer and finance company in writing of defects once a car has been out of service for 15 business days or has been sent in for repair for the same defect three times. This is extremely important. Without written notification to the manufacturer, you will not have a claim. Keep copies of all correspondence with the manufacturer and finance company. The best defense in a lemon law case is accurate facts and information in the form of records. How to cite Lemon Law, Essay examples

Women Family Issue an Example by

Women Family Issue In his essay, The case against androgynous marriage, Stephen E. Rhoads (1999) makes the statement that Feminists can hardly look at married men without a certain measure of disgust. Men won't do their share of housework and child care. In the typical two-earner family they contribute about half as much housework as their employed wives and less than half as much solo child care. Yet, this is an unfair statement to men. Rhoads uses no qualifying statements in his claim, making a sweeping generalization that all men do not share fairly in the housework and in caring for the children. Though he attributes this thought to feminists, he does not give any evidence that feminists actually believe this. Furthermore, he offers no evidence or any hint at research done that shows this claim to be true. Instead, he regurgitates the stereotype, referring to the typical two-earner family as if any family would relish being considered typical. He makes no exception or allowance for such families (o f which I am aware) with fathers who do most of the household chores. Need essay sample on "Women Family Issue" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Kristin Maschka (2003) makes several claims in her essay The fiscal value of nurturing. She asserts that Our entire system of basic protections from economic risk is linked to paid labor, leaving behind those who do uncompensated chores or cut back on paid work to care for family. This claim is based squarely on several points of evidence that she supplies. She cites not just the difference between wage earnings of men and women, but also the difference in wages earned by mothers and childless women. Maschka also provides evidence that demonstrates how social security is based on wages earned in the workplaceand ends up providing less benefits to those who have had to reduce their workplace earnings in favor of caring for their children. These differences demonstrate clearly her point that those women who spend time caring for their children are placed at an economic disadvantage because of their labor of love, which goes uncompensated. The article Homeward Bound by Linda Hirshman (2005) makes some strong points about the direction of women in the workplace and at home. Yet, despite all the research, it fails to prove its thesis, expressed in the statement that among the educated elite, who are the logical heirs of the agenda of empowering women, feminism has largely failed in its goals. The fact that the highest educated and wealthiest women choose to stay at home with their babies (rather than work) does demonstrate to some degree that women desire to nurture their offspring. Yet, Hirshman fails to provide any insight into what the goals of feminism actually are. For, if one assumes that the goal of feminism was indeed to remove women from the role of housewife and to place them in a dominant role in the business world, it certainly has failed to do that. Yet, Hirshman does not consider that the goal of feminism might have been to give women the option to do this, should they desire to. What Hirshman proves is tha t many women opt to take care of children rather than work in the corporate world, and this option was not even available to them before feminism came along. Therefore, feminism cannot be said expressly to have failed. Paul Roberts makes an interesting point about the effect of fathers on their childrens emotional development. In his essay Fathers time he writes, links have been found between the quality of father-child interactions and a child's later development of certain life skills, including an ability to manage frustration, a willingness to explore new things and activities, and persistence in problem solving (1996). Roberts explains the dynamic between fathers and children and shows how the way a father plays has the effect of widening the childrens social scope from the idea of nurturing that is usually provided by the mother. His methods of explanation are very clear and convincing, as he shows how each behavior typical of a father triggers responses by a child that might be considered in the light Roberts presents them in his quote. As a result, it is possible to see how a father-child activity might promote persistence, the management of frustration or imbue a child with the willingness to explore novel arenas. References Hirshman, L. R. (2005). Homeward bound. American Prospect. 16(12), 20-26. Maschka, K. (2003). The fiscal value of nurturing. USA Today. November, 26-27. Rhoads, S. E. (1999). The case against androgynous marriage. The American Enterprise. Sept-Oct. 35-39. Roberts, Paul. (1996). Fathers time. Psychology today. May/June, 48+

Sup. Natl In Macbeth Essays - Characters In Macbeth, Free Essays

Sup. Nat'l In Macbeth Essays - Characters In Macbeth, Free Essays Sup. Nat'l In Macbeth Supernatural Forces in Macbeth In Shakespeares Macbeth, specific scenes focus the readers attention to the suspense and involvement of the supernatural. The use of witches, apparitions and ghosts are an important element in making the play interesting. Examining certain scenes of the play, it can be determined that as supernatural occurrences develop, Macbeth reflects a darker self-image. Macbeth experiences his first strange encounter of the supernatural when he meets the three witches in act one, scene one. After learning of his prophecies to become king, Macbeth states, Glamis, and Thane of Cawdor: The greatest is behind (still to come). (1.3.117-118). Shakespeare uses foreshadowing, a literary technique, to suggest to his readers the character Macbeth will suffer a personality change. Macbeth also implies his first notions of plotting an evil scheme by this comment. After the prophecies of the witches revealed the fate of Macbeth, the quest of the throne will be his next victory. The witches reveal a fate for Macbeth and imply that a part of what will come to him must come, but they reveal no fate of evil-doing for him and never, even by suggestion, bind him to evil doing. , states literary critic Willard Furnham. Furnham declares the only power the witches obtain over Macbeth, is the power of insinuation. By offering to Macbeth the idea of power, the witches push Macbeth to the next level of greed and evil which was non-existent prior to the encounter. The murder and death of King Duncan initiates Macbeths second encounter with the supernatural when he witnesses a floating dagger. As Macbeth awaits the signal to make his way up the stairs, he sees the floating dagger and proclaims, Come, let me clutch thee. I have thee not, fatal vision, sensible (able to be felt) to feeling as to sight, or art thou but a dagger of the mind, a false creation, proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain? (2.2.33-38). This apparition confuses and frightens Macbeth. He can not c omprehend how he can see something and not be able to touch it. Thou leads me the way I was going; and such an instrument I was to use. And on thy blade and hilt, drops of blood which was not so before. Theres no such thing. It is bloody business which takes shape. (2.2.43-49) Here, Macbeth begins to question whether his mind is playing tricks on him. The situation seems quite coincidental considering he is minutes from murdering a man with a similar weapon. He states the apparition is due to the bloody business about to occur. The dagger symbolizes the point of no return for Macbeth. If he chooses the path in which the dagger leads, there will be no turning back. Macbeth fears Banquo for his prophecy is to father kings, so Macbeth proceeds to plot the murder of his once friend, which spurs yet another brush with the supernatural. Macbeth attends a banquet at which he witnesses the ghost of his dead friend. (3.4.37-145) The fortunes of the three witches sparked Macbeths desire to mu rder Banquo and caused him to dig himself into a deeper hole. Macbeths guilt and fear combined drive him to darker and more evil actions in an attempt to cover his past misdeeds. What man dare, I dare. Approach though like the rugged Russian bear, the armed rhinoceros, or th Hyrcan tiger; Take any shape but that (Banquo) and my firm nerves shall never tremble. (3.4.100-104) Macbeth is terribly frightened by the bloody ghost haunting him and is angered that the ghost revealed it self to him. His guilt causes him to proclaim he could take on a rhino, tiger or any other wild animal, but not Banquos ghost. After his encounter with the ghost, Macbeth proceeds to visit the witches one last time to insure his security. After this last visit, Macbeth becomes overconfident and a tyrant, which cause his downfall. The use of supernatural in Macbeth, is a major factor in the suspenseful nature of his work. Without the witches, apparitions and the ghost, Macbeth could not have reached his downfa ll. The use of supernatural in Macbeth caused Macbeth to become a darker and more evil person with each paranormal

How a School Administrator Becomes an Effective Leader

How a School Administrator Becomes an Effective Leader Great leadership is the key to success in any school. The best schools will have an effective school leader or group of leaders. Leadership not only sets the stage for long-term achievement, but it ensures that there will be sustainability long after theyre gone. In a school setting, a leader must be multifaceted as they deal with other administrators, teachers, support staff, students, and parents on a daily basis. This is not an easy job, but many administrators are experts at leading the various subgroups. They can effectively work with and support every person at the school. How does a school administrator become an effective school leader? There is not a single answer to this question but a blend of qualities and characteristics that yield an effective leader. An administrators actions over the course of time also help them to become a true school leader. Lead by Example A leader understands that others are continuously watching what they are doing and how they respond to certain situations. They arrive early and stay late. A leader remains calm in times where there may be chaos. A leader volunteers to help and assist in areas where they are needed. They carry themselves inside and outside of the school with professionalism and dignity. They do their best to make informed decisions that will benefit their school. They can admit when a mistake is made. Have a Shared Vision A leader has a continuous vision for improvement that guides how they operate. They are never satisfied and always believe they can do more. They are passionate about what they do. They are able to get those around them to buy into their vision and to become as enthusiastic about it as they are. A leader is not afraid to expand or to scale back their vision when appropriate. They actively seek input from those around them. A leader has both a short-term vision to meet immediate needs, and a long-term vision to meet future needs. Be Well Respected A leader understands that respect is something that is earned naturally over time. They do not force others around them to respect them. Instead, they earn others respect by giving respect. Leaders give others around them the opportunities to be their best. Highly respected leaders may not always be agreed with, but people almost always listen to them. Be a Problem Solver School administrators face unique situations every day. This ensures that the job is never boring. A leader is an efficient problem solver. They are able to find effective solutions that benefit all parties involved. They are not afraid to think outside the box. They understand that each situation is unique and that there is not a cookie-cutter approach to how to do things. A leader finds a way to make things happen when no one believes that it can be done. An Effective School Leader Is Selfless A leader puts others first. They make humble decisions that may not necessarily benefit themselves, but instead is the best decision for the majority. These decisions may instead make their job increasingly difficult. A leader sacrifices personal time to help where and when they are needed. They are not worried about how they look as long as it is benefiting their school or school community. Be an Exceptional Listener A leader has an open door policy. They do not dismiss anyone that feels that they need to talk to them. They listen to others fervently and wholeheartedly. They make them feel that they are important. They work with all parties to create a solution and keep them informed throughout the process. A leader understands that others around them have potentially brilliant ideas. They continuously solicit input and feedback from them. When someone else has a valuable idea, a leader gives them credit. Adapt to Change A leader understands that situations change and are not afraid to change with them. They quickly assess any situation and adapt appropriately. They are not afraid to change their approach when something is not working. They will make subtle adjustments or scrap a plan entirely and start from scratch. A leader uses the resources they have available and makes them work in any situation. Understand Individual Strengths and Weaknesses A leader understands that it is the individual parts in a machine that keeps the entire machine running. They know which of those parts are fine-tuned, which are in need of a little repair, and which could potentially need to be replaced. A leader knows each teacher’s individual strengths and weaknesses. They show them how to use their strengths to make an impact on and create personal development plans to improve their weaknesses. A leader also evaluates the entire faculty as a whole and provides professional development and training in areas where improvement is needed. Makes Those Around You Better A leader works hard to make every teacher better. They encourage them to grow continuously and improve. They challenge their teachers, create goals, and provide ongoing support for them. They schedule meaningful professional development and training for their staff. A leader creates an atmosphere where distractions are minimized. They encourage their teachers to be positive, fun, and spontaneous. Admit When You Make a Mistake A leader strives for perfection with the understanding that they are not perfect. They know that they are going to make mistakes. When they do make a mistake, they own up to that mistake. A leader works hard to rectify any issues that arise as a result of a mistake. The most important thing that a leader learns from their mistake is that is it should not be repeated. Hold Others Accountable A leader does not allow others to get away with mediocrity. They hold them accountable for their actions and reprimand them when necessary. Everyone including students have specific jobs to do at school. A leader will ensure that everyone understands what is expected of them while they are at school. They create specific policies that address each situation and enforce them when they are broken. An Effective School Leader Makes Difficult Decisions Leaders are always under the microscope. They are praised for their school’s successes and scrutinized for their failures. A leader will make difficult decisions that can lead to scrutiny. They understand that not every decision is the same and even cases with similarities may need to be handled differently. They evaluate each student discipline case individually and listen to all sides. A leader works hard to help a teacher improve, but when the teacher refuses to cooperate, they terminate them. They make hundreds of decisions each day. A leader evaluates each one thoroughly and makes the decision they believe will be the most beneficial for the entire school.

Inclusive Education, Boy's under-achievement Essay

Inclusive Education, Boy's under-achievement - Essay Example With reference to the term ‘inclusion’, it has long been regarded as the most important responsibility within education and society to ensure that children with special needs are included rather than excluded. Special educational needs (SEN) is the term currently extensively used in education and care setting to refer to the special needs of children who need an extra support in their life. It has been realised as one of the morally wrong and socially discriminating issue to isolate children due to their physical or learning needs compared to the majority of other children and the most approving endeavour by a practitioner in the area is to embrace the move towards inclusion and to promote this practice. â€Å"The term ‘special educational needs’ was used as an all-encompassing term to describe any child who needed some extra support. Children have special educational needs if they have a learning difficulty that calls for special educational provision to b e made for them.† (Tassoni and White, 4) Children with a significantly greater difficulty in learning than the majority of children of the same age or those with a disability which hiders them from using the educational facilities are included in this special category. There have been several attempts to correct the term with which the special needs of these students are referred and the concept of inclusive education is the result of the long plea to change the education system in order to allow all children to enjoy fair and equal access to education. While focusing on the children with special needs, the campaign for inclusive education extends to a wider range of children who have been traditionally discriminated against. "The concept of inclusive education signals a significant mind shift. Instead of expecting children to 'come up to standard' or otherwise be segregated, the emphasis is on schools and settings to adapt and be flexible enough to accommodate each and every child." (Tassoni and White, 10) This paper deals with underpinning conceptual frameworks of inclusive education distinguishing between competing models of inclusion. As the term 'inclusive education' has become so widely used and abused, it has almost lost its great meaning. It has long been a topic of debate and the label and the language used to refer to the concept have become serious concern today. "Its application to everything from school effectiveness to civil rights to political manifestos renders it vacuous and susceptible to those critiques which accuse it of masking inadequacies. For the cynics, inclusive education means abandoning labelling and special resourcing for individual needs in order to cut costs in the name of equality." (Corbett, 10) Inclusion is not a new concept as the ideals behind inclusive education have deeper roots in liberal and progressive thought. Whereas the earlier school system focused on the segregation of students with special need, the current system is inclusive in nature. Following the works of the child welfare pioneer Elizabeth Burgwin, there was significant shift in focus where educationalists insisted on an inclusive strategy rather than segregation. Most probably, this inclusive thought of the early years prospered and provided the philosophical and organisational foundation for the school system of the contemporary period. "An inclusive philosophy has ultimately risen again and prospered. It has been able to succeed because it chimes with the philosophy of a liberal political system and a pluralistic culture - one that celebrates diversity and promotes

Discussion Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Discussion Questions - Essay Example Islamic teachings of early Islam inclined towards the social ideals of a settled life in preference to the nomadic way of life of the troublesome Arab nomads. The great importance that Prophet Muhammad placed on a settled way of life (hijra), and the abandonment of the nomadic way of life in the process of embracing Islam formed the basis of this means to subdue the troublesome Arab nomads. According to Donner (1981), this enabled the early Islamic elites to draw support from these religious teachings in their attempts to subdue the potentially troublesome Arab nomads, as can be seen from this quote, when supplies were requested for the troublesome Arab nomads, â€Å"by God, I will not supply you until I have supplied the settled people [ahl al-ha-dira]†. (1) The early Islamic elites denied the troublesome Arab nomads’ high positions of power in the political set up, and in the army chain of command, even if their loyalty was not in doubt, as the second means to control the Arab nomads. This ostracizing of the nomadic tribes meant that in the eyes of the ruling elite, they were not fit to occupy such seats of power. This meant that only the settled people occupied these seats of power, and removed the possibility of the Arab nomads being able to use these seats of power to incite action on behalf of the Arab nomads. (1) The tax pattern that was introduced by the early Islamic elites in the opinion of Donner (1981), sought to ostracize the Arab nomads. While the Muslims leading a settled way of life had to pay alms or zakat, and the non-Muslims leading a settled way of life tribute, or tax called jizya, the nomadic tribes had to pay a tax called sadaqa. This differentiation suggests that though the nomadic Arabs, who had embraced the religion of Islam were not considered to the settled Muslimsm and could be extended to mean that they were not Muslims in the true sense. (1) The final means employed by the early Islamic elite in subduing the

Human Nature as Viewed by Thomas Hobbes and David Hume Essay -- Philos

Human Nature as Viewed by Thomas Hobbes and David Hume Thomas Hobbes in Chapter 13 of Leviathan, and David Hume in Section 3 of An Enquiry Concerning the Princples of Morals, give views of human nature. Hobbes’ view captures survivalism as significant in our nature but cannot account for altruism. We cover Hobbes’ theory with a theory of Varied Levels of Survivalism, explaining a larger body of behavior with the foundation Hobbes gives. Hume gives a scenario which does not directly prove fruitful, but he does capture selfless behavior. We will give Hobbes’ view of human nature as he describes it in Chapter 13 of Leviathan. We will then give an argument for placing a clarifying layer above the Hobbesian view in order to account for acts of altruism. Hobbes views human nature as the war of each man against each man. For Hobbes, the essence of human nature can be found when we consider how man acts apart from any government or order. Hobbes describes the world as â€Å"a time of war, where every man is enemy to every man.† (Hobbes mp. 186) In such a world, there are â€Å"no arts; no letters; no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death; and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.† (Hobbes mp. 186) Hobbes believes that laws are what regulate us from acting in the same way now. He evidences that our nature is this way by citing that we continue to lock our doors for fear of theft or harm. Hobbes gives a good argument which is in line with what we know of survivalism, and evidences his claim well. Hobbes claims that man is never happy in having company, unless that company is utterly dominated. He says, â€Å"men have no pleasure, (but on the contrary a great dea... ...vivalist instinct that involves self-preservation. Hobbes, however, is unable to explain altruism, thus we developed the Varied Levels of Survivalism as a layer above his theory. This modification allows for varying motives based on circumstances, all based on survival. Hume takes note of this altruistic tendency but he gives a scenario that is either inapplicable or he does not filter survivalism from humanity. Utilizing Hobbes’ survivalism, Hume’s generosity when capable, and the Varied Levels of Survivalism, we arrive at a viable theory of human nature and explanation of human behavior. Works Cited Hobbes, Thomas. (2001, October 30) "Leviathan" (1651). Available at: http://www.infidels.org/library/historical/thomas_hobbes/leviathan.html Hume, David, 1772 (reprinted in 2004) An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (New York, Barnes and Noble)

Architectural Development of Tokyo Midtown, Roponggi

The Tokyo Midtown was built between 2004-2007, which is a 101,000 square meter mixed-use development located in Roponggi, Tokyo, Japan. This undertaking design was begun on August 2002 and the building of the undertaking was begun on May 2004 and completed on March 2007. There is a 400-year-old Hinokicho Park within the site was refurbished. The U.S. Army was stayed in this site as a barrack during World War II, the Nipponese Defense Agency occupied this site after the ground forces left. Consequently, Nipponese Government sold the site in 2001 and Mitsui Fudosan won it. There was an archeological geographic expedition conducted during 2002 and 2003. During the exploring period, over 50 thousand pieces of clayware and two pieces of gold coins from Edo-period ( 1596-1698 ) were found out. The mixed-use development includes office, residential, retail, hotel, museum and leisure infinite. The entire floor country of the development is 563, 800 square metres. There are over 50 % of the u ndertaking is designed to be unfastened infinite. Tokyo Midtown is located at two chief street roads in roponggi territory, there is a big lawn included in the site. Besides the category A office, residential units, High-end retail and hotel, and the museum, there is 50 per centum of site country are Parkss, place, promenades and streetscapes. In Tokyo, green infinite is merely a private garden or frightened infinite. The definition of green infinite is different from other metropoliss. The green infinite used to be appreciated instead than using. Citizens are non encouraged to utilize the green infinite and public events are non promoted to go on in such country. The primary developer, Mitsui Fudosan would wish to alter this old head of green country and convey the new tendency of Green Park. Thus, Tokyo Midtown was designed to be the new urban oasis in Roponggi territory. Imperial Palace is non merely the largest public unfastened infinite in Tokyo, but besides a good instance to demo the typology of traditional Nipponese landscape. The parkland of Imperial Palace is surrounded by the wall, which isolates the castle from the city’s context. The cultural and historical valuable of the castle was abandoned, that the landscape of castle is cut off by the wall as an island, and there is no associated development next to the castle. This sort of traditional landscape promotes privateness and peaceful instead than connexion between urban context. The developer would wish to present a new landscape typology to the metropolis. His attack is to make a alone sequence of unfastened infinite which is new tendency of connective landscape. The project’s developer promotes a new Nipponese landscape design by making a alone urban motion in the composite. The Tokyo Midtown a welcoming and attractive infinite which can excite the societal and cultural interaction, therefore the life of the topographic point will be activated. This undertaking is an architectural look in landscape which can supply an unfastened and green infinite for events. The historical green infinite Hinokicho Park is portion of landscape and was refurbished. There are chiefly three primary motions for the landscape in Tokyo Midtown. First, the bing park is extended to the newer green countries. Second, there are a series of H2O characteristics begin at the place. Third, the H2O features flow down toward the verdure. There were 40 mature cherry trees preserved from the old site and transplanted on new site. Those trees are used to make a new cherry promenade by linking the entry to Hinokicho Park. There are over 1000s of visitants attracted to here for assemblage and observing the cule of seasons, during the flower season of cherry. In recent old ages, dais type development becomes the chief new typology of large-scale development, particularly in Hong Kong. The advantage of this typology is to supply a convenient and efficient connexion from the upper degree to the mass theodolite by the overcrossing web. However, this typology has been produced less vivacious street life. The functional relationship between edifice and urban street grid has been lost. The public infinite has been separated from the bing vicinity, therefore the development has been isolated from urban street. Tokyo Midtown is a successful large-scale development with dais and tower that diminish the drawback of dais design. It undertakes a more sustainable attack to the new large-scale development. The development of Tokyo Midtown has achieved the sustainable design attack by several standards as below: First of wholly, the development of Tokyo Midtown took the chance to incorporate this new development into the bing countries by making great topographic points which can better the original territory and convey a long-run value. This place-making attack is achieved by advancing the public infinites with landscape. The sense of infinite is created by adding the attractive street furniture and public art in the landscape, such as the exuberant mature tree canopy in the entryway. This canopy can stress the bing site characteristic and heighten the site’s cultural and historical value. The landscape design improves the flexibleness of infinite, so that public and private events will be promoted in order to ease the societal interaction and verve in this topographic point. For illustration, the cherry promenade provides the linkage to the Hinokicho Park and besides a topographic point for assemblage and observing the beauty of the trees during the bloom season. Thousands of visita nts attract by it and travel at that place with a cover, field day, and drinks. The high quality design of Tokyo Midtown activates the bing infinite and brings economic incomes, and reflects the character of the environing country. This mix-used development incorporated hotel, office, residential, retail, eating houses, museum and Parkss. It provides a little community for people to populate, work and bask their leisure clip. Besides, the Tokyo Midtown introduces the prosaic connectivity in both physical and psychological manner. Visitors can see a rich and vivacious walker through sing the tree-lined street and pleasant paseo. The liner of trees refurbishes the bing metro halt and redirects the land rider to the new issue at Tokyo Midtown. The place-making attack is besides strengthened by supplying high-quality public kingdom. It lets broad scope of activities happen in this country. The alone individuality landmarks, the 54 floors Mori Tower has been incoporated in the whole deve lopment which is the tallest edifice in Tokyo. It increases the attraction of the finish. Second, Tokyo Midtown has good integrated with the substructure and the environing conveyance web. It provides a high criterion connexion to the theodolite and improves the connexion between site and environing country at the land degree. Tokyo Midtown is non a undertaking merely concern the spacial quality within the site boundary, but besides to supply the mix-used development with a wider site context and great impact on environing country. Citizens criticize that walled developments issue would be raised as the undertaking with substructure is easy being isolated from the urban due to the hapless integrating of environing. This undertaking includes 5 edifices, a high-end retail, luxury section, category A office infinite, luxury section, medical centre. These 5 edifices surround a skyscraper with 248m tallness. The whole development is good integrated to the next park and the Roppongi railroad station. Roppongi railroad station is a celebrated station along the Toei Oedo Line. To kyo Midtown provides a successful entree to the issue of railroad station through the spacial agreement of the unfastened infinite. There is good public conveyance connexion provided. The Roppongi railroad station is good connected to the public conveyance interchanges within the Tokyo Midtown. The site is rather near the Roppongi Hills development which is less than 0.8 kilometre. The Roppongi Hill is surrounded by the vehicle-dominated route substructure and connects to dais of Tokyo Midtown. The bulk of the borders are connected to the street degree, it breaks down the traditional dais linguistic communication. This undertaking has good integrating between land usage and the conveyance in both physical and societal facets. Sustainable scheme Large-scale development normally bring negative impact on environing country or the wider context, as developer normally merely concentrate on planing the country within the site, the next country may non be their concern. Tokyo Midtown is a large-scale development which has been good integrated with the environing country. The design of this undertaking is base on the sustainable development rules and the urban design guidelines, so that it will maintain integration and sustainable in a long-run period. The resource efficiency and environmental friendly attack is besides adopted in development. The floor country of the whole development is concentrated in one quarter-circle of the site, so that the urban park country can be maximized. There is more than 40 per centum of the site country is designed as an urban park which act as a chief connexion between the site and the community greenway. Tokyo Midtown promotes sustainability at the vicinity and territory degrees, the spacial quali ty of the prosaic environment at the street degree is enhanced. As a consequence, the walkability and the livability within the site country and besides the territory are bit by bit improved. The location and proportion of plan of the whole development is concerned to better the sustainability in environmental, societal and economic facet. There are over 150 stores and eating houses offered in the high-end retail country, 500 luxury residential units, several office towers, a Ritz-Carlton hotel, 800-seat preservation centre and an art museum provided in development, which can profit the territory in societal and economic manner. The big green unfastened infinite which occupies 40 per centum of site country can profit the territory in environmental manner. The unfastened infinite is designed to steer visitant walk from environing streets and pavement to the site. A sense of â€Å"on the ground† is promoted by touching the Earth and nature. There are some position corridors, cr ystalline stuff, Bridgess and plazas visually unfastened and connect to the unfastened infinite in order to take the visitant from the park to the nature. The design of H2O characteristic is to take the visitants to the park and steer them down though weaving tract to the 21_21 Design Museum and the traditional Nipponese Garden. New territory ‘s image Before the completion of Tokyo Midtown, Roppongi was a well-known territory as a dark town. Roponggi was a topographic point which is full of amusement hub and with abandoned traditional vicinity. The developer Mitsui Fudosan would wish to alter the public perceptual experience of Roppongi territory from a dark town to an update image which is a vitalized daylight territory. Tokyo Midtown is a development to supply a balance mix of concern and populating topographic point to the territory, in which the cultural comfortss will be extremely respected. Furthermore, Tokyo Midtown is a hope as concern and economic system resurgence of Japan, it designed to stand for the best feature of Nipponese society by the mixed-use development. The Nipponese authorities treats it as a precedence urban renovation area† . This mixed-use development has integrated with a public park, which promotes an environmental friendly and commercial active attractive force in this territory, therefore it pro fit to the full vicinity and heighten the economic value of Roppongi. To fit with this big green park, the celebrated Suntory Museum of Art was resettlement. Consequently, the green park, museum, Tokyo National Art Center and Roppongi Hill will be good connected. The community park is merged with the bing greenway and connects to those abandoned nearby green infinite such as the gorunds of Tokyo authorities graveyard and a Shinto spiritual shrine.

Which is Worse Type I or Type II Errors in Statistics

Type I errors in statistics occur when statisticians incorrectly reject the null hypothesis, or statement of no effect, when the null hypothesis is true while Type II errors occur when statisticians fail to reject the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis, or the statement for which the test is being conducted to provide evidence in support of, is true. Type I and Type II errors are both built into the process of hypothesis testing, and though it may seem that we would want to make the probability of both of these errors as small as possible, often it is not possible to reduce the probabilities of these errors, which begs the question: Which of the two errors is more serious to make? The short answer to this question is that it really depends on the situation. In some cases, a Type I error is preferable to a Type II error, but in other applications, a Type I error is more dangerous to make than a Type II error. In order to ensure proper planning for the statistical testing procedure, one must carefully consider the consequences of both of these types of errors when the time comes to decide whether or not to reject the null hypothesis. We will see examples of both situations in what follows. Type I and Type II Errors We begin by recalling the definition of a Type I error and a Type II error. In most statistical tests, the  null hypothesis is a statement of the prevailing claim about a population of no particular effect while the alternative hypothesis is the statement that we wish to provide evidence for in our hypothesis test. For tests of significance there are four possible results: We reject the null hypothesis and the null hypothesis is true. This is what is known as a Type I error.We reject the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis is true. In this situation the correct decision has been made.We fail to reject the null hypothesis and the null hypothesis is true. In this situation the correct decision has been made.We fail to reject the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis is true. This is what is known as a Type II error. Obviously, the preferred outcome of any statistical hypothesis test would be the second or third, wherein the correct decision has been made and no error occurred, but more often than not, an error is made in during the course of hypothesis testing—but thats all part of the procedure. Still, knowing how to properly conduct a procedure and avoid false positives can help reduce the number of Type I and Type II errors. Core Differences of Type I and Type II Errors In more colloquial terms we can describe these two kinds of errors as corresponding to certain results of a testing procedure. For a Type I error we incorrectly reject the null hypothesis—in other words, our statistical test falsely provides positive evidence for the alternative hypothesis. Thus a Type I error corresponds to a â€Å"false positive† test result. On the other hand, a Type II error occurs when the alternative hypothesis is true and we do not reject the null hypothesis. In such a way our test incorrectly provides evidence against the alternative hypothesis. Thus a Type II error can be thought of as a â€Å"false negative† test result. Essentially, these two errors are inverses of one another, which is why they cover the entirety of errors made in statistical testing, but they also differ in their impact if the Type I or Type II error remains undiscovered or unresolved. Which Error Is Better By thinking in terms of false positive and false negative results, we are better equipped to consider which of these errors are better—Type II seems to have a negative connotation, for good reason. Suppose you are designing a medical screening for a disease. A false positive of a Type I error may give a patient some anxiety, but this will lead to other testing procedures which will ultimately reveal the initial test was incorrect. In contrast, a false negative from a Type II error would give a patient the incorrect assurance that he or she does not have a disease when he or she in fact does. As a result of this incorrect information, the disease would not be treated. If doctors could choose between these two options, a false positive is more desirable than a false negative. Now suppose that someone had been put on trial for murder. The null hypothesis here is that the person is not guilty. A Type I error would occur if the person were found guilty of a murder that he or she did not commit, which would be a very serious outcome for the defendant. On the other hand, a Type II error would occur if the jury finds the person not guilty even though he or she committed the murder, which is a great outcome for the defendant but not for society as a whole. Here we see the value in a judicial system that seeks to minimize Type I errors.

Business Associate Degree Single Moms Prefer University of Phoenix Online Programs 2019

Education is a ticket out of poverty and to gaining self-respect, says Evelyn Dutch, a single mom. However, sitting in a classroom after a long work day, and finding childcare, are real obstacles for single moms. How are women like Evelyn Dutch earning a business associate degree while maintaining their parenting responsibilities? Single Moms Find Flexible Business Associate Degree Program at University of Phoenix With online degree programs and campus locations throughout the U.S., University of Phoenix offers a flexible Business Associate degree for single moms. Moms can schedule classes according to their needs or even choose to take classes entirely online. In addition to the business associate degree, University of Phoenix offers other flexible degrees, including: Associate Degree in Criminal Justice. RN to Bachelor of Science in Nursing. Bachelor of Science in Communications. Master of Business Administration (MBA) . University of Phoenix Offers Affordable Business Associate Degree Program for Single Moms Single mothers often feel the financial burden of a one-income household. At University of Phoenix, staff members are considerate of the unexpected financial difficulties faced by single moms. Students are given a 100% refund if they must cancel prior to the first day of instruction. Single moms can also apply many sources of federal financial aid to the University of Phoenix Business Associate degree. .u6ef70e6bbbf64c2c03ee7c413c1dcfd4 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u6ef70e6bbbf64c2c03ee7c413c1dcfd4:active, .u6ef70e6bbbf64c2c03ee7c413c1dcfd4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u6ef70e6bbbf64c2c03ee7c413c1dcfd4 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u6ef70e6bbbf64c2c03ee7c413c1dcfd4 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u6ef70e6bbbf64c2c03ee7c413c1dcfd4 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u6ef70e6bbbf64c2c03ee7c413c1dcfd4:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Employment Opportunities With an Associate's Degree in Criminal JusticeUniversity of Phoenix is helping single moms boost earnings and expand their career options. Prospective students may request additional information from the University of Phoenix Business Associate degree program by filling out an information request form. For a complete list of degree programs offered at University of Phoenix, visit College-Pages.com, the leading education and career resource website. Related ArticlesAssociate Business Degree More Single Dads Achieving Educational Goals through University of PhoenixCriminal Justice Bachelor Degree Single Parents in Colorado Find Convenience at Kaplan UniversityNursing and Health Care DegreesOnline Postgraduate Business Administration DegreesBSB 5 Ways to Earn a Bachelor of Science in Business in as Little as 12 MonthsThe Doctorate in Education Educational Leadership

Lasting Legacies Essay - 2901 Words

Katrina Nguyen Victor Magagna Political Science 113A 8 December 2012 Lasting Legacies The impact of Confucianism in East Asia continues to mold and shape individuals’ actions so they can lead better lives that will have a positive effect on society. This can be achieved once the individual reaches a better understanding about their mutual obligations – that a proper society is revolved around give and take. It is the individuals who keep the lasting legacies of Confucianism through their patterns of knowledge and belief by understanding how the world actually works. The lasting legacies of Asian political thought and practice are also seen through moral reasoning and moral values, political thought and action, the economy and the†¦show more content†¦In East Asian tradition, one does not just simply reject an idea, but to tolerate it and incorporate into their tradition. This is simply the idea of interpenetrating boundaries because setting boundaries is to set one’s own limits. Human nature is also an aspect that helps humans to understand the patterns of knowledge and belief. According to East Asian traditions, they believe that human nature is not fixed at birth but a potential that could be developed. Our human nature is only a tendency, at best; we are improvable so it cannot be taken for granted. Humans are improvable through self-cultivation. Self-cultivation consists of will and sincerity. Humans must have to have the will and sincerity to improve themselves. Without sincerity, one will simply fail. This poses a political debate that if humans are cultivated and rational, then what should the role of government be in unlocking human nature. Whether government should be strong in its role or weak in terms of allowing its citizens to control and organize their own lives. It is inarguable that only a government with proper order can facilitate the development of human beings into self-cultivation. To be human, one must start with the personal cultivation of one’s own character, and then be in harmony with others by extending one’s virtue to others (de Bary, 179).Show MoreRelatedThe Lasting Legacy of Thomas Jefferson948 Words   |  4 Pagesthomas Jefferson The Lasting Legacy of Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson is one of the most influential presidents of the United States. Along with his successes and failures he proved to be a great president by leaving his legacy’s behind. A legacy is something someone has had handed down or left for future generations. Thomas Jefferson is one of the most influential people that left their legacies behind because his presidency commenced the quarter century rule of the Virginia Dynasty. He wasRead MoreHenry Ford s Lasting Legacy1483 Words   |  6 PagesHenry Ford’s Lasting Legacy â€Å"Any customer can have a car painted any colour that he wants so long as it is black.† (Henry Ford). 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Education in India Free Essays

string(126) " contains the National System of Education, which ensures some uniformity while taking into account regional education needs\." Education in India has a history stretching back to the ancient urban centres of learning at Taxila and Nalanda. Western education became ingrained into Indian society with the establishment of the British Raj. Education in India falls under the control of both the Union Government and the states, with some responsibilities lying with the Union and the states having autonomy for others. We will write a custom essay sample on Education in India or any similar topic only for you Order Now The various articles of the Indian Constitution provide for education as a fundamental right. Most universities in India are Union or State Government controlled. India has made a huge progress in terms of increasing primary education attendance rate and expanding literacy to approximately two thirds of the population. [2] India’s improved education system is often cited as one of the main contributors to the economic rise of India. [3] Much of the progress in education has been credited to various private institutions. [4] The private education market in India is estimated to be worth $40 billion in 2008 and will increase to $68 billion by 2012. [4] However, India continues to face challenges. Despite growing investment in education, 35% of the population is illiterate and only 15% of the students reach high school. [5] As of 2008, India’s post-secondary high schools offer only enough seats for 7% of India’s college-age population, 25% of teaching positions nationwide are vacant, and 57% of college professors lack either a master’s or PhD degree. [6] As of 2007, there are 1522 degree-granting engineering colleges in India with an annual student intake of 582,000,[7] plus 1,244 polytechnics with an annual intake of 265,000. However, these institutions face shortage of faculty and concerns have been raised over the quality of education. [8] Three Indian universities were listed in the Times Higher Education list of the world’s top 200 universities — Indian Institutes of Technology, Indian Institutes of Management, and Jawaharlal Nehru University in 2005 and 2006. [9] Six Indian Institutes of Technology and the Birla Institute of Technology and Science – Pilani were listed among the top 20 science and technology schools in Asia by Asiaweek. 10] The Indian School of Business situated in Hyderabad was ranked number 12 in global MBA rankings by the Financial Times of London in 2010[11] while the All India Institute of Medical Sciences has been recognized as a global leader in medical research and treatment. [12]Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Overview 2. 1 Primary education 2. 2 Secondary education 2. 3 Tertiary education 2. 4 Technical education 3 Literacy 4 Attainment 5 Private education 6 Women’s Education 7 Rural education 8 Issues 9 Initiatives 10 Central government involvement 10. 1 Budget 10. Public Expenditure on Education in India 10. 3 Legislative framework 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links [edit] History Monastic orders of education under the supervision of a guru was a favored form of education for the nobility in ancient India. [13] The knowledge in these orders was often related to the tasks a section of the society had to perform. [14] The priest class, the Brahmins, were imparted knowledge of religion, philosophy, and other ancillary branches while the warrior class, the Kshatriya, were trained in the various aspects of warfare. 14] The business class, the Vaishya, were taught their trade and the lowest class of the Shudras was generally deprived of educational advantages. [14] The book of laws, the Manusmriti, and the treatise on statecraft the Arthashastra were among the influential works of this era which reflect the outlook and underst anding of the world at the time. [14] Apart from the monastic orders, institutions of higher learning and universities flourished in India well before the common era, and continued to deliver education into the common era. 15] Secular Buddhist institutions cropped up along with monasteries. [14] These institutions imparted practical education, e. g. medicine. [14] A number of urban learning centres became increasingly visible from the period between 200 BCE to 400 CE. [16] The important urban centres of learning were Taxila and Nalanda, among others. [16] These institutions systematically imparted knowledge and attracted a number of foreign students to study topics such as logic, grammar, medicine, metaphysics, arts and crafts. [16] By the time of the visit of the Islamic scholar Alberuni (973-1048 CE), India already had a sophisticated system of mathematics and science in place, and had made a number of inventions and discoveries. [17] With the arrival of the British Raj in India a class of Westernized elite was versed in the Western system of education which the British had introduced. [18] This system soon became solidified in India as a number of primary, secondary, and tertiary centres for education cropped up during the colonial era. 18] Between 1867 and 1941 the British increased the percentage of the population in Primary and Secondary Education from around 0. 6% of the population in 1867 to over 3. 5% of the population in 1941. However this was much lower than the equivalent figures for Europe where in 1911 between 8 and 18% of the population were in Primary and Secondary education. [19] Additionally literacy was also improved. In 1901 the literacy rate in India was only about 5% though by Independence it was nearly 20%. [20] Following independence in 1947, Maulana Azad, India’s first education minister envisaged strong central government control over education throughout the country, with a uniform educational system. [21] However, given the cultural and linguistic diversity of India, it was only the higher education dealing with science and technology that came under the jurisdiction of the central government. [21] The government also held powers to make national policies for educational development and could regulate selected aspects of education throughout India. 22] The central government of India formulated the National Policy on Education (NPE) in 1986 and also reinforced the Programme of Action (POA) in 1986. [23] The government initiated several measures the launching of DPEP (District Primary Education Programme) and SSA (Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan,[24] India’s initiative for Education for All) and setting up of Navodaya Vidyalaya and other selective schools in every district, advances in female education, inter-disciplinary research and establishment of open universities. India’s NPE also contains the National System of Education, which ensures some uniformity while taking into account regional education needs. You read "Education in India" in category "Papers" The NPE also stresses on higher spending on education, envisaging a budget of more than 6% of the Gross Domestic Product. [23] While the need for wider reform in the primary and secondary sectors is recognized as an issue, the emphasis is also on the development of science and technology education infrastructure. [edit] Overview The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) is the apex body for curriculum related matters for school education in India. 25] The NCERT provides support and technical assistance to a number of schools in India and oversees many aspects of enforcement of education policies. [26] In India, the various curriculum bodies governing school education system are: The state government boards, in which the majority of Indian children are enrolled. Th e Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) board. The Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE) board. The National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) board. International schools affiliated to the International Baccalaureate Programme and/or the Cambridge International Examinations. Islamic Madrasah schools, whose boards are controlled by local state governments, or autonomous, or affiliated with Darul Uloom Deoband. Autonomous schools like Woodstock School, Auroville, Patha Bhavan and Ananda Marga Gurukula. In addition, NUEPA (National University of Educational Planning and Administration)[27] and NCTE (National Council for Teacher Education) are responsible for the management of the education system and teacher accreditation. 28] [edit] Primary education The Indian government lays emphasis to primary education up to the age of fourteen years (referred to as Elementary Education in India. [29]) The Indian government has also banned child labour in order to ensure that the children do not enter unsafe working conditions. [29] However, both free education and the ban on child labor are difficult to enforce due to economic disparity and so cial conditions. [29] 80% of all recognized schools at the Elementary Stage are government run or supported, making it the largest provider of education in the Country. 30] However, due to shortage of resources and lack of political will, this system suffers from massive gaps including high pupil teacher ratios, shortage of infrastructure and poor level of teacher training. Education has also been made free[29] for children for six to 14 years of age or up to class VIII under the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act 2009. [31] There have been several efforts to enhance quality made by the government. The District Primary Education Programme (DPEP) was launched in 1994 with an aim to universalize primary education in India by reforming and vitalizing the existing primary education system. 32] 85% of the DPEP was funded by the central government and the remaining 15 percent was funded by the states. [32] The DPEP, which had opened 160000 new schools including 84000 a lternative education schools delivering alternative education to approximately 3. 5 million children, was also supported by UNICEF and other international programmes. [32] This primary education scheme has also shown a high Gross Enrollment Ratio of 93–95% for the last three years in some states. [32] Significant improvement in staffing and enrollment of girls has also been made as a part of this scheme. 32] The current scheme for universalization of Education for All is the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan which is one of the largest education initiatives in the world. Enrollment has been enhanced, but the levels of quality remain low. [edit] Secondary education The National Policy on Education (NPE), 1986, has provided for environment awareness, science and technology education, and introduction of traditional elements such as Yoga into the Indian secondary school system. [33] Secondary education covers children 14-18 which covers 88. 5 million children according to the Census, 2001. However, enrolment figures show that only 31 million of these children were attending schools in 2001-02, which means that two-third of the population remained out of school. [34] A significant feature of India’s secondary school system is the emphasis on inclusion of the disadvantaged sections of the society. Professionals from established institutes are often called to support in vocational training. Another feature of India’s secondary school system is its emphasis on profession based vocational training to help students attain skills for finding a vocation of his/her choosing. 35] A significant new feature has been the extension of SSA to secondary education in the form of the Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan[36] A special Integrated Education for Disabled Children (IEDC) programme was started in 1974 with a focus on primary education. [25] but which was converted into Inclusive Education at Secondary Stage[37] Another notable special programme, the Kendriya Vidyalaya proj ect, was started for the employees of the central government of India, who are distributed throughout the country. The government started the Kendriya Vidyalaya project in 1965 to provide uniform education in institutions following the same syllabus at the same pace regardless of the location to which the employee’s family has been transferred. [25] [edit] Tertiary education Our university system is, in many parts, in a state of disrepair†¦ In almost half the districts in the country, higher education enrollments are abysmally low, almost two-third of our universities and 90 per cent of our colleges are rated as below average on quality parameters†¦ I am concerned that in many states university appointments, including that of vice-chancellors, have been politicised and have become subject to caste and communal considerations, there are complaints of favouritism and corruption. – Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in 2007[38] Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad. India’s higher education system is the third largest in the world, after China and the United States. [39] The main governing body at the tertiary level is the University Grants Commission (India), which enforces its standards, advises the government, and helps coordinate between the centre and the state. 40] Accreditation for higher learning is overseen by 12 autonomous institutions established by the University Grants Commission. [41] As of 2009, India has 20 central universities, 215 state universities, 100 deemed universities, 5 institutions established and functioning under the State Act, and 13 institutes which are of national importance. [40] Other i nstitutions include 16000 colleges, including 1800 exclusive women’s colleges, functioning under these universities and institutions. 40] The emphasis in the tertiary level of education lies on science and technology. [42] Indian educational institutions by 2004 consisted of a large number of technology institutes. [43] Distance learning is also a feature of the Indian higher education system. [43] Some institutions of India, such as the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), have been globally acclaimed for their standard of education. [43] The IITs enroll about 8000 students annually and the alumni have contributed to both the growth of the private sector and the public sectors of India. 44] Besides top rated universities which provide highly competitive world class education to their pupil, India is also home to many universities which have been founded with the sole objective of making easy money. Regulatory authorities like UGC and AICTE have been trying very hard to ex tirpate the menace of private universities which are running courses without any affiliation or recognition. Students from rural and semi urban background often fall prey to these institutes and colleges. [45][dead link] [edit] Technical education From the first Five Year Plan onwards India’s emphasis was to develop a pool of scientifically inclined manpower. [46] India’s National Policy on Education (NPE) provisioned for an apex body for regulation and development of higher technical education, which came into being as the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) in 1987 through an act of the Indian parliament. [47] At the level of the centre the Indian Institutes of Technology and the Indian Institutes of Information Technology are deemed of national importance. 47] The Indian Institutes of Management are also among the nation’s premier education facilities. [47] Several Regional Engineering Colleges (REC) have been converted into National Institutes of Technology. [47] The UGC has inter-university centres at a number of locations throughout India to promote common research, e. g. the Nuclear Science Centre at the Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. [48] [edit] Literacy Main article: Literac y in India According to the Census of 2001, â€Å"every person above the age of 7 years who can read and write in any language is said to be literate†. According to this criterion, the 2001 survey holds the National Literacy Rate to be around 64. 84%. [49] Government statistics of 2001 also hold that the rate of increase in literacy is more in rural areas than in urban areas. [49] Female literacy was at a national average of 53. 63% whereas the male literacy was 75. 26%. [49] Within the Indian states, Kerala has shown the highest literacy rates of 90. 02% whereas Bihar averaged lower than 50% literacy, the lowest in India. [49] The 2001 statistics also indicated that the total number of ‘absolute non-literates’ in the country was 304 million. 49] [edit] Attainment World Bank statistics found that fewer than 40 percent of adolescents in India attend secondary schools. [2] The Economist reports that half of 10-year-old rural children could not read at a basic level, over 60% were unable to do division, and half dropped out by the age 14. [50] Only one in ten young people have access to tertiary education. [2] Out of those who receive higher education, Mercer Consulting estimates that only a quarter of graduates are â€Å"employable†. [51] An optimistic estimate is that only one in five job-seekers in India has ever had any sort of vocational training. [52] [edit] Private education According to current estimates, 80% of all schools are government schools[30] making the government the major provider of education. However, because of poor quality of public education, 27% of Indian children are privately educated. [53] According to some research, private schools often provide superior results at a fraction of the unit cost of government schools. 50][54][55] However, others have suggested that private schools fail to provide education to the poorest families, a selective being only a fifth of the schools and have in the past ignored Court orders for their regulation[56] In their favour, it has been pointed out that private schools cover the entire curriculum and offer extra-curricular activities such as science fairs, general knowledge, sports, music and drama. [53] The pupil teacher ratios are much better in private schoo ls (1:31 to 1:37 for government schools and more teachers in private schools are female. 57] There is some disgreement over which system has better educated teachers. According to the latest DISE survey, the percentage of untrained teachers (paratechers) is 54. 91% in private, compared to 44. 88% in government schools and only 2. 32% teachers in unaided schools receive inservice training compared to 43. 44% for government schools. The competition in the school market is intense, yet most schools make profit. [53] Even the poorest often go to private schools despite the fact that government schools are free. A study found that 65% of schoolchildren in Hyderabad’s slums attend private schools. 55] Private schools are often operating illegally. A 2001 study found that it takes 14 different licenses from four different authorities to open a private school in New Delhi and could take years if done legally. [55] However, operation of unrecognized schools has been made illegal under the Right to Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act[31] which has also significantly simplified the process of obtaining recognition. [edit] Women’s Education Girls in school near Baroda, Gujarat. See also: Women in India Women have much lower literacy rate than men. Far fewer girls are enrolled in the schools, and many of them drop out. [58] According to a 1998 report by U. S. Department of Commerce, the chief barrier to female education in India are inadequate school facilities (such as sanitary facilities), shortage of female teachers and gender bias in curriculum (majority of the female characters being depicted as weak and helpless)[59] The number of literate women among the female population of India was between 2-6% from the British Raj onwards to the formation of the Republic of India in 1947. [60] Concerted efforts led to improvement from 15. 3% in 1961 to 28. % in 1981. [60] By 2001 literacy for women had exceeded 50% of the overall female population, though these statistics were still very low compared to world standards and even male literacy within India. [61] Recently the Indian government has launched Saakshar Bharat Mission for Female Literacy. This mission aims to bring down female illiteracy by half of its present level. Sita An antha Raman outlines the progress of women’s education in India:Since 1947 the Indian government has tried to provide incentives for girls’ school attendance through programs for midday meals, free books, and uniforms. This welfare thrust raised primary enrollment between 1951 and 1981. In 1986 the National Policy on Education decided to restructure education in tune with the social framework of each state, and with larger national goals. It emphasized that education was necessary for democracy, and central to the improvement of women’s condition. The new policy aimed at social change through revised texts, curricula, increased funding for schools, expansion in the numbers of schools, and policy improvements. Emphasis was placed on expanding girls’ occupational centers and primary education; secondary and higher education; and rural and urban institutions. The report tried to connect problems like low school attendance with poverty, and the dependence on girls for housework and sibling day care. The National Literacy Mission also worked through female tutors in villages. Although the minimum marriage age is now eighteen for girls, many continue to be married much earlier. Therefore, at the secondary level, female dropout rates are high. [62] Sita Anantha Raman also maintains that while the educated Indian women workforce maintains professionalism, the men outnumber them in most fields and, in some cases, receive higher income for the same positions. 62] [edit] Rural education A primary school in a village in Madhya Pradesh. Following independence, India viewed education as an effective tool for bringing social change through community development. [63] The administrative control was effectively initiated in the 1950s, when, in 1952, the government grouped villages under a Community Development Block—an authority under national p rogramme which could control education in up to 100 villages. [63] A Block Development Officer oversaw a geographical area of 150 square miles which could contain a population of as many as 70000 people. [63] Setty and Ross elaborate on the role of such programmes, themselves divided further into individual-based, community based, or the Individual-cum-community-based, in which microscopic levels of development are overseen at village level by an appointed worker:The community development programmes comprise agriculture, animal husbandry, cooperation, rural industries, rural engineering (consisting of minor irrigation, roads, buildings), health and sanitation including family welfare, family planning, women welfare, child care and nutrition, education including adult education, social education and literacy, youth welfare and community organisation. In each of these areas of development there are several programmes, schemes and activities which are additive, expanding and tapering off covering the total community, some segments, or specific target populations such as small and marginal farmers, artisans, women and in general people below the poverty line. [63] Despite some setbacks the rural education programmes continued throughout the 1950s, with support from private institutions. [64] A sizable network of rural education had been established by the time the Gandhigram Rural Institute was established and 5, 200 Community Development Blocks were established in India. [65] Nursery schools, elementary schools, secondary school, and schools for adult education for women were set up. [65] The government continued to view rural education as an agenda that could be relatively free from bureaucratic backlog and general stagnation. 65] However, in some cases lack of financing balanced the gains made by rural education institutes of Ind ia. [66] Some ideas failed to find acceptability among India’s poor and investments made by the government sometimes yielded little results. [66] Today, government rural schools remain poorly funded and understaffed. Several foundations, such as the Rural Development Foundation (Hyderabad), actively build high-quality rural schools, but the number of students served is small. [edit] Issues One study found out that 25% of public sector teachers and 40% of public sector medical workers were absent during the survey. Among teachers who were paid to teach, absence rates ranged from 15% in Maharashtra to 71% in Bihar. Only 1 in nearly 3000 public school head teachers had ever dismissed a teacher for repeated absence. [67] A study on teachers by Kremer etc. found that ‘only about half were teaching, during unannounced visits to a nationally representative sample of government primary schools in India. ‘. [67] Modern education in India is often criticized for being based on rote learning rather than problem solving. BusinessWeek denigrates the Indian curriculum saying it revolves around rote learning. [68] and ExpressIndia suggests that students are focused on cramming. [69] A study of 188 government-run primary schools found that 59% of the schools had no drinking water and 89% had no toilets. 70] 2003-04 data by National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration revealed that only 3. 5% of primary schools in Bihar and Chhattisgarh had toilets for girls. In Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh, rates were 12-16%. [71] Fake degre es are a problem. One raid in Bihar found 0. 1 million fake certificates. [72] In February 2009, the University Grant Commission found 19 fake institutions operating in India. [73] Only 16% of manufacturers in India offer in-service training to their employees, compared with over 90% in China. [74] [edit] Initiatives Boys seated in school near Baroda, Gujarat. The madrasah of Jamia Masjid mosque in Srirangapatna. Following India’s independence a number of rules were formulated for the backward Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes of India, and in 1960 a list identifying 405 Scheduled Castes and 225 Scheduled Tribes was published by the central government. [75] An amendment was made to the list in 1975, which identified 841 Scheduled Castes and 510 Scheduled Tribes. [75] The total percentage of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes combined was found to be 22. 5 percent with the Scheduled Castes accounting for 17 percent and the Scheduled Tribes accounting for the remaining 7. 5 percent. [75] Following the report many Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes increasingly referred to themselves as Dalit, a Marathi language terminology used by B. R. Ambedkar which literally means â€Å"oppressed†. [75] The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are provided for in many of India’s educational programmes. [76] Special reservations are also provided for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in India, e. g. a reservation of 15% in Kendriya Vidyalaya for Scheduled Castes and another reservation of 7. 5% in Kendriya Vidyalaya for Scheduled Tribes. [76] Similar reservations are held by the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in many schemes and educational facilities in India. [76] The remote and far-flung regions of North East India are provided for under the Non Lapsible Central pool of Resources (NLCPR) since 1998-1999. [77] The NLCPR aims to provide funds for infrastructure development in these remote areas. [77] The government objective for the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), started in 2001, is to provide education to children between 6–14 years by 2010. [78] The programme focuses specially on girls and children with challenged social or financial backgrounds. [78] The SSA also aims to provide practical infrastructure and relevant source material in form of free textbooks to children in remote areas. [78] The SSA also aims at widening computer education in rural areas. [78] SSA is currently working with Agastya International Foundation – an educational NGO – to augment its efforts in making science curriculum current and exciting. However, some objectives of the SSA, e. g. enrollment of all children under the scheme in schools by 2005 remain unfulfilled. 78] Education Guarantee Scheme and Alternative and Innovative Education are components of the SSA. [78] Women from remote, underdeveloped areas or from weaker social groups in Andra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand, Karnat aka, Kerala, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, and Uttarakhand, fall under the Mahila Samakhya Scheme, initiated in 1989. [79] Apart from provisions for education this programme also aims to raise awareness by holding meetings and seminars at rural levels. [79] The government allowed 340 million rupees during 2007–08 to carry out this scheme over 83 districts including more than 21, 000 villages. [79] Currently there are 68 Bal Bhavans and 10 Bal Kendra affiliated to the National Bal Bhavan. 80] The scheme involves educational and social activities and recognising children with a marked talent for a particular educational stream. [80] A number of programmes and activities are held under this scheme, which also involves cultural exchanges and participation in several international forums. [80] India’s minorities, especially the ones considered ‘educationally backward’ by the government, are provided for in the 1992 amendment of the Indian National Policy on Education (NPE). [81] The government initiated the Scheme of Area Intensive Programme for Educationally Backward Minorities and Scheme of Financial Assistance or Modernisation of Madarsa Education as part of its revised Programme of Action (1992). 81] Both these schemes were started nationwide by 1994. [81] In 2004 the Indian parliament allowed an act which enabled minority education establishments to seek university affiliations if they passed the required norms. [81] [edit] Central government involvement [edit] Budget As a part of the tenth Five year Plan (2002–2007), the central government of India outlined an expenditure of 65. 6% of its total education budget of Rs. 438250 million, or (Rs. 287500 million) on elementary education; 9. 9% (Rs. 43250 million) on secondary education; 2. 9% (Rs. 12500 million) on adult education; 9. 5% (Rs. 41765 million) on higher education; 10. 7% (Rs. 7000 million) on technical education; and the remaining 1. 4% (Rs. 6235 million) on miscellaneous e ducation schemes. [82] According to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), India has the lowest public expenditure on higher education per student in the world. [83] See also: Education in India Five Year Plan Expenditure [edit] Public Expenditure on Education in India In recent times, several major announcements were made for developing the poor state of affairs in education sector in India, the most notable ones being the National Common Minimum Programme (NCMP) of the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government. The announcements are; (a) To progressively increase expenditure on education to around 6 percent of GDP. (b) To support this increase in expenditure on education, and to increase the quality of education, there would be an imposition of an education cess over all central government taxes. (c) To ensure that no one is denied of education due to economic backwardness and poverty. (d) To make right to education a fundamental right for all children in the age group 6–14 years. (e) To universalize education through its flagship programmes such as Sarva Siksha Abhiyan and Mid Day Meal. However, even after five years of implementation of NCMP, not much progress has been done on these promises or announcements. The public expenditure on education has actually declined from around 3. 23 percent of GDP in 2000-2001 to 2. 88 percent in the recent times. As a proportion of total government expenditure, it has declined from around 11. 1 percent in 2000-2001 to around 9. 98 percent during UPA rule. A policy brief issued by [Network for Social Accountability (NSA)][84] titled â€Å"[NSA Response to Education Sector Interventions in Union Budget: UPA Rule and the Education Sector][85]† provides significant revelation to this fact. Due to a declining priority of education in the public policy paradigm in India, there has been an exponential growth in the private expenditure on education also. As per the available information, the private out of pocket expenditure by the working class population for the education of their children in India has increased by around 1150 percent or around 12. 5 times over the last decade]. [86] [edit] Legislative framework Article 45, of the Constitution of India originally stated:â€Å"The State shall endeavour to provide, within a period of ten years from the commencement of this Constitution, for free and compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of fourteen years. [21]† This article was a directive principle of state policy within India, effectively meaning that it was within a set of rules that were meant to be followed in spirit and the government could not be held to court if the actual letter was not followed. 87] However, the enforcement of this directive principle became a matter of debate since this principle held obvious emotive and practical value, and was legally the only directive principle within the Indian constitution to have a time limit. [87] Following initiatives by the Supreme Court of India during the 1990s the Ninety-third amendment bill suggested three separate amendments to the Indian constitution:[88] The constitution of India was amended to include a new article, 21A, which read:â⠂¬Å"The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in a such manner as the State may, by law, determine. [89]† Article 45 was proposed to be substituted by the article which read:â€Å"Provision for early childhood care and education to children below the age of six years: The State shall endeavour to provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of sixteen years. [89]† Another article, 51A, was to additionally have the clause:â€Å"†¦ a parent or guardian [shall] provide opportunities for education to his child or, as the case may be, [a] ward between the age of six to fourteen years. [89]† The bill was passed unanimously in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Indian parliament, on November 28, 2001. [90] It was later passed by the upper house—the Rajya Sabha—on May 14, 2002. [90] After being signed by the President of India the Indian constitution was amended formally for the eighty sixth time and the bill came into effect. 90] Since then those between the age of 6–14 have a fundamental right to education. [ 91] Article 46 of the Constitution of India holds that:â€Å"The State shall promote, with special care, the education and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people, and in particular of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of social exploitation’. [49]† Other provisions for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes can be found in Articles 330, 332, 335, 338–342. [49] Both the 5th and the 6th Schedules of the Constitution also make special provisions for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. [49 How to cite Education in India, Papers